pab5a 2019-9-13 16:48
網上資料:-
語言學家們經過一百多年的整理，大致上把亞歐人的大部分語言分為兩大類，第一大類是“北方語言類”（Borean languages，請注意此處borean來自希臘語，意思是北方的，因此這個詞根bor-與漢語的北bak是一個同源詞，在亞歐語言中，詞根尾-r/l與-k/t互諧是很常見的）。另一大類則被稱為“南方語言大類”（Austric languages，Aust-也是來自希臘語，詞意思是南方，可能與漢語的奧有同源性。
在傳統的人類語言分類學中，多數語言學家認為上面說的B大類與A大類不存在真正的發生學關係，但是俄羅斯語言學家Sergei Starostin認為，亞歐人羣的語言全部都是同源的（包括後來回遷非洲的亞非語以及北極愛斯基摩語以及北美的Na-Dene語系）。他的 model 如下:-
pab5a 2019-9-13 16:49
Starostin's Model
As envisaged by Sergei Starostin (2002), Borean is divided into two groups, Nostratic and Dene–Daic, the latter consisting of the Dené–Caucasian and Austric macrofamilies. Starostin tentatively dates the Borean proto-language to the Upper Paleolithic, approximately 16 thousand years ago. Starostin's model of Borean would thus include most languages of Eurasia, as well as the Afroasiatic languages of North and East Africa, and the Eskimo–Aleut and the Na-Dene languages of the New World.
The phylogenetic composition of Borean according to Starostin is as follows:
"Borean languages"
(I) NOSTRATIC (speculative, Holger Pedersen 1903)
Afroasiatic (widely recognized family)
Eurasiatic (speculative, Joseph Greenberg 2000), c.f. Indo-Uralic
Indo-European (widely recognized family)
Uralic (widely recognized family)
Macro-Altaic (controversial; Roy Andrew Miller 1971, Gustaf John Ramstedt 1952, Matthias Castrén 1844)
Turkic (widely recognized family)
Mongolic (widely recognized family)
Tungusic (widely recognized family)
Korean (language isolate)
Japonic (widely recognized family)
Paleosiberian (phylogenetic unity widely rejected)
Nivkh
Eskimo–Aleut
Yukaghir (sometimes grouped with Uralic)
Chukotko-Kamchatkan
Kartvelian (widely recognized family)
Dravidian (widely recognized family)
(II) DENE–DAIC (speculative, Starostin 2005)
Dené–Caucasian (speculative, Nikolayev 1991; expanded by Bengtson 1997), c.f. Dené–Yeniseian (Edward Vajda 2008)
Na-Dené (widely recognized family)
Basque (language isolate)
Sino-Caucasian (speculative, Starostin 2006)
Sino-Tibetan (widely recognized family)
North Caucasian (speculative unification of East Caucasian and West Caucasian, Nikolayev & Starostin 1994)
Yeniseian (widely recognized family)
Burushaski (language isolate)
Austric (speculative, Wilhelm Schmidt 1906)
Austro-Asiatic (widely recognized family)
Miao–Yao (widely recognized family)
Austro-Tai (speculative, Paul Benedict 1942)
Austronesian (widely recognized family)
Tai–Kadai (widely recognized family)
[[i] 本帖最後由 pab5a 於 2019-9-13 04:57 PM 編輯 [/i]]